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| Astigmatism |
If you experience a distortion or blurring of images at all distances -- nearby
as well as far -- you may have astigmatism. Even if your vision is fairly sharp,
headache, fatigue, squinting and eye discomfort or irritation may indicate a
slight degree of astigmatism. A thorough eye examination, including tests of
near vision, distant vision and vision clarity, can determine if astigmatism
is present. Astigmatism is not a disease nor does it mean that you have
"bad eyes." It simply means that you have a variation
or disturbance in the shape of your cornea. Astigmatism is one of a group of eye
conditions known as refractive errors. Refractive errors cause a disturbance
in the way that light rays are focused within the eye. Astigmatism often
occurs with nearsightedness and farsightedness, conditions also resulting
from refractive errors.
What causes astigmatism?
Astigmatism usually occurs when the front surface of the eye, the cornea, has
an irregular curvature. Normally the cornea is smooth and equally curved in
all directions and light entering the cornea is focused equally on all planes,
or in all directions. In astigmatism, the front surface of the cornea is curved
more in one direction than in the other. With the cornea's shape more like
that of an American football or rugby ball than a basketball, the light hitting
the more curved surface comes to a focus before that which enters the eye through
the less curved surface. Thus, the light is focused clearly along one plane,
but is blurred along the other so only part of anything being looked at can
be in focus at any time. This abnormality may result in vision that is much
like looking into a distorted, wavy mirror. The distortion results because
of an inability of the eye to focus light rays to a point.
Why are corneas
shaped differently?
Not all corneas are perfectly curved, just as sets of teeth are seldom perfectly
aligned. The degree of variation determines whether or not you will need corrective
eyewear. If the corneal surface has a high degree of variation in its curvature,
light refraction may be impaired to the degree that corrective lenses are needed
to help focus light rays better. The exact reason for differences in corneal
shape remains unknown, but the tendency to develop astigmatism is inherited.
For that reason, some people are more prone to develop astigmatism than others.
How
does astigmatism affect sight?
The clear cornea is situated at the very front surface of the eye and enables
light to enter the eyeball. The cornea accomplishes about four-fifths of
the refractive work needed for clear vision, bending light rays into a
point. The crystalline lens, located behind the cornea, further refines
the refractive work begun by the cornea and directs the point of light
toward a precise location on the retina, known as the fovea. If light is
not focused into a fine point on the fovea, the image that reaches the
retina cannot be clearly transmitted to the brain and a blurred image is
perceived. When astigmatism is present, the surface of the cornea is distorted
instead of spherical. It is unable to focus light rays entering the eye
into the fine point needed for clear vision. At any time, only a small
proportion of the rays are focused and the remainder are not, so that the
image formed is always blurred. Usually, astigmatism causes blurred vision
at all distances.
Who develops astigmatism?
Astigmatism is very common. Some experts believe that almost everyone has
some degree of astigmatism, often from birth, which may remain the same
throughout life. Of interest to parents and those who work with children,
astigmatism may contribute to poor schoolwork but is often not detected
during routine eye screening in schools.
How is it diagnosed?
Astigmatism is diagnosed in the course of a thorough eye examination.
How
is it treated?
If the degree of astigmatism is slight and no other problems of refraction,
such as nearsightedness or farsightedness, are present, corrective lenses
may not be needed. If the degree of astigmatism is great enough to cause
eyestrain, headache, or distortion of vision, prescription lenses will
be needed for clear and comfortable vision. The corrective lenses needed
when astigmatism is present are called "Toric" lenses and have
an additional power element called a cylinder. They have greater light-bending
power in one axis or direction than in the others. Precise tests will be
made during your eye examination to determine the ideal lens prescription.
Astigmatism may increase slowly over time.
Regular eye examinations can help to ensure that proper vision is maintained. |
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